Castiglione's minor works are less known, including love sonnets and four Amorose canzoni ("Amorous Songs") about his Platonic love for Elisabetta Gonzaga, in the style of Francesco Petrarca and Pietro Bembo. Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (1515) One of the greatest portraits of the Renaissance, the painting depicts Raphael’s friend, the diplomat and humanist Baldassare Castiglione, who is considered a quintessential example of the High Renaissance gentleman.According to art historian James Beck “The Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione stands as a final solution for single male … To do this he had to win the respect and friendship of his peers and most importantly of a ruler, or prince, i.e., he had to be a courtier, so as to be able to offer valuable assistance and disinterested advice on how to rule the city. There he was friendly with many artists and writers; including Raphael, whom he already knew from Urbino, and who frequently sought his advice. La meilleure citation de Baldassare Castiglione préférée des internautes. The answer is left open but seems to lean in favor of painting, for, as Canossa maintains: Anyone who does not esteem the art of painting seems to me to be quite wrong-headed. The book ends on an elevated note with lengthy speech about love by the humanist scholar Pietro Bembo (later a Cardinal). This, at least, is the theory; but in practice, they concede, it is easier to become a perfect courtier if one is born into a distinguished family. Born Dec. 6, 1478, in Casatico, near Mantua; died Feb. 2, 1529, in Toledo, Spain. Baldassare Castiglione, Italian courtier, diplomat, and writer best known for his dialogue Il libro del cortegiano (1528; The Book of the Courtier). Castiglione's book changed that. In Italian prose, he wrote a prologue for Cardinal Bibbiena's Calandria, which was performed in 1507 at Urbino and later, elaborately, at Rome. In his 1435 treatise on painting Leon Battista Alberti described the function of portraiture this way: Although it was not a Christian work, St. Ambrose in 390 declared, For more on the princely court as a political institution see. [25] The following evening Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici, who at age 28 is a bit more mature than Gaspare Pallavicino, is chosen to defend women. He lived fifty years, two months, and a day. Il reste connu pour avoir écrit Le Livre du courtisan, manuel de savoir-vivre qui connut un succès important à sa parution. [12], The conversation takes place over a span of four days in the year 1507, while Castiglione was supposedly absent on an embassy to England. —Machiavelli, Letter to Francesco Vettori, December 10, 1513, in Niccolò Machiavelli’s The Prince: New Interdisciplinary Essays, Martin Coyle, editor (Manchester University Press, 1995), p. 198. Trouvez les Baldassare Castiglione images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. Il fut ambassadeur du duc d'Urbino auprès d'Henri VIII d'Angleterre, roi d'Angleterre. One character, Gaspare Pallavicino, has been depicted throughout the discussion as a thorough-going misogynist (at one point he even declares that women are only good for having children). [30] He talks about the divine nature and origin of love, the "father of true pleasures, of all blessings, of peace, of gentleness, and of good will: the enemy of rough savagery and vileness", which ultimately lifts the lover to the contemplation of the spiritual realm, leading to God. But when Castiglione wrote, these republics were being replaced by princely courts. Bembo's speech is based on Marsilio Ficino's influential commentaries on Socrates's speech on the nature of love at the conclusion of Plato's Symposium, except that in The Courtier the object of love is heterosexual not homosexual. Baldassare Castiglione’s most popular book is The Book of the Courtier. Then all, having taken leave of the Duchess, went to their rooms, without torches, for the light of day was sufficient. The courtier should always appear a little more humble than his station requires. To his moral elegance (his personal goodness) must be added the spiritual elegance conferred by familiarity with good literature (i.e., the humanities, including history). It depicts Raphael's friend, the diplomat and humanist Baldassare Castiglione, who is considered a quintessential example of the High Renaissance gentleman. Ce livre deviendra vite un manuel de savoir-vivre dans les cours européennes. ;[6] Francesco Maria della Rovere (nephew and adopted heir of Duke and Duchess of Urbino); and Cesare Gonzaga, a cousin of both Castiglione and the Duke. En 1495, son père meurt et Baldassare lui succède dans ses fonctions de chef de famille, il accompagne ainsi le marquis lors de l'arrivée de Louis XII à Milan. Castiglione enverra une lettre au pape, datée du 10 décembre 1527, soulignant que le saccage était motivé par l'ambiguïté et les contradictions de la politique du pape. (The Courtier 32). His sonnet Superbi colli e voi, sacre ruine ("Proud hills and you, sacred ruins"), written more by the man of letters than the poet in Castiglione, nevertheless contains hints of pre-romantic inspiration. Richards, "Assumed Simplicity and the Critique of Nobility: Or, How Castiglione Read Cicero", 2001. Baldassare Castiglione most famous works are The The courtier should be deeply versed in Greek and Latin and should know enough to be able to discriminate between good and bad writing (as well as the other arts) for himself, without relying slavishly on the word of others. "Assumed Simplicity and the Critique of Nobility: Or, How Castiglione Read Cicero", MS 239/25 Ad sacratissimum Britanniae regem Henricum at OPenn, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&oldid=1016895418, Articles needing additional references from December 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 April 2021, at 17:06. The painting was designed as a result of the friendship between Raphael and Castiglione, whose rise in courtly circles matched that of the artist. For the Renaissance (i.e., Classical) theory of, Throughout the book, Pallavicino and Emilia Pia are depicted as sparring; and one writer has even suggested that they were the models for, Ralph Roeder calls Giuliano a "veteran philanderer", adding that he was "that rare type of. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 12 novembre 2020 à 15:55. Baldassare Catiglione was most famous for his writing, especially the book The Book of the Courtier which was based on the court when he lived in Urbino yet he was young and was said to have most likely been away at the time the conversation took place so he did not add to it. Son intéressante correspondance dépeint non seulement l'homme et sa personnalité, mais aussi les gens célèbres qu'il a rencontrés et fréquentés, lors de son activité diplomatique. He and the new Duke, who had been appointed capitano generale (commander-in-chief) of the Papal States, took part in Pope Julius II's expedition against Venice, an episode in the Italian Wars. [31] When Bembo has finished, the others notice that they have all become so enraptured by his speech that they have lost track of the time, and they rise to their feet, astonished to discover that day is already dawning: So when the windows on the side of the palace that faces the lofty peak of Mount Catria had been opened, they saw that the dawn had already come to the east, with the beauty and color of a rose, and all the stars had been scattered, save only the lovely mistress of heaven, Venus, who guards the confines of night and day. The discussion also touches on a variety of other questions, such as which form of government is best, a republic or a principality—the Genoese Fregoso brothers taking the republican side, since Genoa had long had a republican government. It was set to music as a six-part Madrigal by Girolamo Conversi and translated by, among others, Edmund Spenser and Joachim du Bellay. En mai 1527 les Impériaux envahissent et mettent Rome à sac ; le pape reprochera à Castiglione de ne pas l'avoir prévenu des intentions de Charles Quint. Castiglione himself does not contribute to the discussion, which is imagined as having occurred while he was away. Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Ducal Palace at Urbino, setting of the. And if ever you liked any of my whims, this one should not displease you, and to a prince, especially a new prince, it should be welcome; therefore I am addressing it to his magnificence Giuliano. The implication, however, is that those interested in acquiring this art must do so through practice and imitation, which is—like the dialog itself—a form of teaching—teaching without precepts. Baldassare Castiglione, aussi appelé Baldassarre, Baldesar ou Baldassar, comte de Novilara, né le 6 décembre 1478 à Casatico, dans le marquisat de Mantoue et mort le 8 février 1529 à Tolède, en Espagne, est un écrivain et diplomate italien de la Renaissance. Giuliano de' Medici was also the person to whom Machiavelli had first planned to address his book The Prince,[27] though due to Giuliano's death it was instead dedicated to his nephew, Lorenzo. They are the custodians of the social covenant. Cette œuvre prône la courtoisie et les valeurs sociales que l'homme civilisé se doit d'avoir. For when all is said and done, the very fabric of the universe, which we can contemplate in the vast spaces of heaven, so resplendent with their shooting stars, with the earth at its center, girdled by the seas, varied with mountains, rivers and valleys, and adorned with so many different varieties of trees, lovely flowers and grasses, can be said to be a great and noble painting, composed by Nature and the hand of God. Now the perfect gentleman had to have a classical education in Greek and Latin letters, as well. Februar 1529 in Toledo, Spanien) war Graf von Novilara, Höfling, Diplomat und Schriftsteller . Bembo was born in 1470 and in 1507, when the dialog is supposed to have taken place, would have been in his mid-thirties. Castiglione … While in his letter to the Pope (dated December 10, 1527), he had the audacity to criticize Vatican policies, asserting that its own inconsistencies and vacillations had undermined its stated aim of pursuing a fair … Les invités ont pour habitude d'organiser à la cour des compétitions intellectuelles produisant ainsi une riche activité littéraire et culturelle. Baldassare Castiglione Quotes. [5] In 1499, Castiglione's father died unexpectedly and Castiglione returned to Casatico to take his place as the male head of the family. Italian writer. Giulio Romano dessine la chapelle destinée à accueillir son tombeau en l'église Santa Maria delle Grazie à Curtatone, près de Mantoue[2]. . En 1506, Castiglione écrit et interprète avec Cosimo Gonzague, son églogue Tirsi dans lequel de façon voilée, il dépeint la vie de la cour d'Urbino. Charged with the arrangement of the dispute between Pope Clement VII (Medici) and Charles V, Castiglione crossed 1524 into Spain, where he was received with highest honors, being afterwards naturalized, and made Bishop of Avila. Castiglione’s best-known work is The Courtier (books 1–4, 1528), a treatise in dialogue form. Historians today believe that Castiglione had carried out his ambassadorial duties to Spain in an honorable manner and bore no responsibility for the sack of Rome. En 1521, le pape Léon X lui accorda la tonsure et Castiglione commença une carrière ecclésiastique. Elisabetta Gonzaga and Emilia Pia regard his attitude as a challenge and call on the others to come to women's defense. Baldassare Castiglione est né à Casatico, province de Mantoue, en Italie, dans une ancienne famille lombarde ayant émigré à Mantoue à l'époque du marquis Ludovic Gonzague, un parent de Luigia Gonzague (it), la mère de Castiglione. Ses autres écrits, l'églogue Tirsi (1506), le prologue de la Calandria de Bibbiena (1513), quatre canzoni amoureuses et un recueil d'élégies latines sont de qualité, sans se distinguer particulièrement dans la production de l'époque. Ainsi, le bruit que Castiglione soit décédé suite aux remords qu'il aurait pu éprouver est infondé, il est mort des suites d'une épidémie de peste. Baldassare Castiglione. In the code of the Courtier the Renaissance woman comes into her own and the mission which Isabella [of Este, Marchesa of Mantua, known as the "first lady of the Renaissance"] pursued amid the strenuous turmoil of actual life is realized, in these animated pages, by her passive sister-in-law Elizabetta. He took Valdés to task, severely and at length, in his response to the latter's comments about the Sack of Rome. The work His mother, Luigia Gonzaga, who to her own sorrow outlived her son, placed this memorial to him in 1529. Castiglione answered both the Pope and Valdés in two famous letters from Burgos. [26] There is some doubt as to whether Pallavicino or Giuliano, or both, express Castiglione's real views on the subject of women. Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione is a c. 1514–1515 oil painting attributed to the Italian High Renaissance painter Raphael. [34] Later commentators have not infrequently accused it of advocating superficiality (with "slight justice" according to June Osborne), yet it has also been called, “The most important single contribution to a diffusion of Italian values” throughout Europe. valid above all others in all human affairs whether in word or deed: and that is, to avoid any kind of affectation as though it were a rough and dangerous reef; and (to coin a new word, perhaps), to practice in all things a certain sprezzatura [nonchalance], so as to conceal all art and make whatever one does or says seem effortless, and almost unpremeditated." 1478 - 1529. Castiglione est l'homme d'un seul livre. When the young Lomabard nobleman Gaspare Pallavicino objects that music is effeminate, Canossa answers that there is no better way to soothe the soul and raise the spirits than through music, and he names great generals and heroes of antiquity who were keen musicians. While in his letter to the pope (dated December 10, 1527), he had the audacity to criticize Vatican policies, asserting that its own inconsistencies and vacillations had undermined its stated aim of pursuing a fair agreement with the emperor and had provoked Charles V to attack. Castiglione was born in Casatico, near Mantua (Lombardy) into a family of the minor nobility, connected through his mother, Luigia Gonzaga, to the ruling Gonzagas of Mantua. In a famous passage, Castiglione's friend Lodovico da Canossa, whose views arguably represent Castiglione's own, explains "the mysterious source of courtly gracefulness, the quality which makes the courtier seem a natural nobleman":[20] sprezzatura. In 1527, at the time of the Sack of Rome, Pope Clement VII suspected Castiglione of having harbored a "special friendship" for the Spanish emperor: Castiglione, the pope believed, should have informed the Holy See of Charles V's intentions, for it was his duty to investigate what Spain was planning against the Eternal City. The book is based upon Castiglione's times at the court of Duke Guidobaldo Montefeltroof Urbino. Baldassare Castiglione (Italian: [baldasˈsaːre kastiʎˈʎoːne]; December 6, 1478 – February 2, 1529), count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author, who is probably most famous for his authorship of Il Cortegiano or The Book of the Courtier. Nowhere was its influence greater than in England, where it was translated by Sir Thomas Hoby in 1561 and is a recognizable source for Shakespeare. The Renaissance Portrait from Donatello to Bellini, 2011 Exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of New York: Website. And, in my opinion, whoever can imitate it deserves the highest praise. L'œuvre contient des résonances de poésie ancienne et contemporaine, avec des rappels à Virgile, Poliziano ou Sannazzaro. The Mantuan branch descends from Cristoforo Castiglioni (1345-1425) jurisconsult, nicknamed "the Monarch of Laws". Il fait partie de la cour de Ludovic le More et à la mort de celui-ci, il rejoint la cour des Gonzague à Mantoue. Indeed, the wisest ancient philosophers taught that the heavens themselves are composed of music and there is a harmony of the spheres. On a diplomatic mission to Rome, Castiglione met Francesco Gonzaga's brother-in-law, Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino, husband of Francesco's sister Elisabetta Gonzaga; and in 1504, a reluctant Francesco allowed Castiglione to leave and take up residence in that court. En 1516, Castiglione retourne à Mantoue, où il se marie avec Ippolita Torelli (it), descendante d'une famille noble. Ideally, the courtier should be young, about twenty-seven, at least mentally, though he should give the appearance of being graver and more thoughtful than his years. One hundred and eight editions were published between 1528 and 1616 alone. Ses œuvres mineures sont moins connues mais intéressantes. Il reste connu pour avoir écrit Le Livre du courtisan, manuel de savoir-vivre qui connut un succès important à sa parution. The men defer to her, especially in their conduct with women—"with whom we had the freest and commerce, but such was the respect we bore to the will of the Duchess that freedom was the greatest restraint." Baldassare went on to become a mercenary captain and progenitor of the Mantua branch of the Castiglione family: his son Cristoforo had a son, Baldassare (1478-1529). François Marie Ier della Rovere succède à Guidobaldo à la mort de ce dernier, et Castiglione demeure à sa cour, et, avec lui, prend part à l'expédition contre Venise menée par le pape Jules II, ce qui lui vaut d'obtenir le comté de Novellata, près de Pesaro. In 1516 Castiglione was back in Mantua, where he married a very young Ippolita Torelli, descendant of another noble Mantuan family. Son livre est traduit en français dès 1537, puis en espagnol, en anglais, en allemand et en latin. It was one of many Italian dialogues and treatises written during the Renaissance that explored the ideal gentleman, including Stefano Guazzo's Civil Conversation (1581) and the Galateo (1558) by Giovanni Della Casa, the sourcebook for later etiquette guides. The son of a noble family, Castiglione was educated at the humanist school of Giorgio Merula and Demetrius Chalcondyles, and at the court of Ludovico . Le Portrait de Baldassare Castiglione est une peinture à l'huile sur toile de 82 × 67 cm réalisée par le peintre italien Raphaël. They hoped that this would help them move up in class. The Ciceronian humanist model of the ideal orator (whom Cicero called "the honest man"), on which The Courtier is based, prescribes for the orator an active political life of service to country, whether in war or peace. To this, another interlocutor, a very youthful Gaspare Pallavicino, objects that many outstanding and virtuous men have been of humble origins. Though she takes no part in the conversation, she presides over it, and her presence permeates its conduct. Baldassare Castiglione. Les sonnets d'amour et les quatre Amorose canzoni content son amour platonique pour Elisabetta Gonzaga dans un style qui rappelle Pétrarque. The book, in dialog form, is an elegiac portrait of the exemplary court of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro of Urbino during Castiglione's youthful stay there at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The participants also deplore what they consider the rude and uncultivated manners of the French, who they say look down with disdain on what they call a "clerk" (or someone who can read and write), though hope is expressed for Francis of Valois, the future king of France. Painting possesses a truly divine power in that not only does it make the absent present (as they say of friendship), but it also represents the dead to the living many centuries later, so that they are recognized by spectators with pleasure and deep admiration for the artist.—Quoted in The Renaissance Portrait from Donatello to Bellini, 2011 Exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of New York: Website. Baldassare Castiglione (Italian: [baldasˈsaːre kastiʎˈʎoːne]; December 6, 1478 – February 2, 1529),[1] count of Casatico, was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author. Federigo, renowned for his piety and knowledgeable in Hebrew as well as Greek and Latin, also authored reformist theological and political treatises (including, reputedly a translation of the works of Martin Luther) that were later placed on the Vatican. Castiglione was a diplomat and author of The Book of the Courtier, a text which discussed manners and court etiquette, and which became an important cultural influence in the 16 th century. The painting was made in celebration of Baldassare's appointment as Ambassador to Pope Leo X by Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino. When Pope Leo X was elected in 1512, Castiglione was sent to Rome as ambassador from Urbino. Italian writer. Baldassare Castiglione was born on Dec. 6, 1478, in Casatico in the province … In 1528, the year before his death, the book by which he is most famous, The Book of the Courtier(Il Cortegiano), was published in Venice by Andrea d'Asolo (father-in-law of Aldo Manuzio). The other participants eventually agree that even someone who is lowly born can be a perfect courtier, since nobility can be learned through imitation of the best models from life and history until it becomes ingrained and natural. For this the Duke conferred on Castiglione the title of Count of Novilara, a fortified hill town near Pesaro. Dezember 1478 in Casatico bei Mantua; † 7. There is a long discussion, too, about what are appropriate topics for joking (pleasantries), an essential component of pleasing conversation: one should not mock people's physical attributes, for example. "[19] The aim of Castiglione's ideal Renaissance gentleman was not self-cultivation for its own sake but in order to participate in an active life of public service, as recommended by Cicero. Il y devient l'ami d'artistes et d'écrivains, notamment de Raphaël, qui a peint son portrait, conservé aujourd'hui au musée du Louvre.
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